Tutorial Archivos - Noticias de Ciberseguridad -

NMAP es un escáner de seguridad gratuito y de código abierto. Se utiliza para descubrir hosts y servicios en una red informática, construyendo así un “mapa” de la red. Para lograr su objetivo, Nmap envía paquetes especialmente diseñados al host de destino y luego analiza las respuestas.

Funciones NMAP

Descubrimiento de host: identificación de hosts en una red. Por ejemplo, enumerar los hosts que responden a solicitudes de TCP y / o ICMP o que tienen un puerto en particular abierto.
Escaneo de puertos: enumera los puertos abiertos en los hosts de destino.
Detección de versión: interrogación de servicios de red en dispositivos remotos para determinar el nombre de la aplicación y el número de versión.
Detección de SO: determinación del sistema operativo y las características de hardware de los dispositivos de red.
Interacción programable con el objetivo, utilizando Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) y el lenguaje de programación Lua.
Nmap puede proporcionar más información sobre los objetivos, incluidos los nombres DNS inversos, los tipos de dispositivos y las direcciones MAC.

Usos típicos de Nmap:

Auditar la seguridad de un dispositivo o firewall identificando las conexiones de red que se pueden realizar a través de él.
Identificación de puertos abiertos en un host de destino en preparación para la auditoría.
Inventario de redes, mapeo de redes, mantenimiento y gestión de activos.
Auditar la seguridad de una red mediante la identificación de nuevos servidores.
Generación de tráfico a hosts en una red, análisis de respuesta y medición del tiempo de respuesta.
Encontrar y explotar vulnerabilidades en una red.
Consultas DNS y búsqueda de subdominios

Ejemplos comandos NMAP

Comandos básicos

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Scan a Single Target	nmap [target]	nmap 192.168.0.1
Scan Multiple Targets	nmap [target1, target2, etc]	nmap 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2
Scan a List of Targets	nmap -iL [list.txt]	nmap -iL targets.txt
Scan a Range of Hosts	nmap [range of ip addresses]	nmap 192.168.0.1-10
Scan an Entire Subnet	nmap [ip address/cdir]	nmap 192.168.0.1/24
Scan Random Hosts	nmap -iR [number]	nmap -iR 0
Excluding Targets from a Scan	nmap [targets] –exclude [targets]	nmap 192.168.0.1/24 –exclude 192.168.0.100, 192.168.0.200
Excluding Targets Using a List	nmap [targets] –excludefile [list.txt]	nmap 192.168.0.1/24 –excludefile notargets.txt
Perform an Aggressive Scan	nmap -A [target]	nmap -A 192.168.0.1
Scan an IPv6 Target	nmap -6 [target]	nmap -6 1aff:3c21:47b1:0000:0000:0000:0000:2afe

Opciones descubrimiento

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Perform a Ping Only Scan	nmap -sP [target]	nmap -sP 192.168.0.1
Don’t Ping	nmap -PN [target]	nmap -PN 192.168.0.1
TCP SYN Ping	nmap -PS [target]	nmap -PS 192.168.0.1
TCP ACK Ping	nmap -PA [target]	nmap -PA 192.168.0.1
UDP Ping	nmap -PU [target]	nmap -PU 192.168.0.1
SCTP INIT Ping	nmap -PY [target]	nmap -PY 192.168.0.1
ICMP Echo Ping	nmap -PE [target]	nmap -PE 192.168.0.1
ICMP Timestamp Ping	nmap -PP [target]	nmap -PP 192.168.0.1
ICMP Address Mask Ping	nmap -PM [target]	nmap -PM 192.168.0.1
IP Protocol Ping	nmap -PO [target]	nmap -PO 192.168.0.1
ARP Ping	nmap -PR [target]	nmap -PR 192.168.0.1
Traceroute	nmap –traceroute [target]	nmap –traceroute 192.168.0.1
Force Reverse DNS Resolution	nmap -R [target]	nmap -R 192.168.0.1
Disable Reverse DNS Resolution	nmap -n [target]	nmap -n 192.168.0.1
Alternative DNS Lookup	nmap –system-dns [target]	nmap –system-dns 192.168.0.1
Manually Specify DNS Server(s)	nmap –dns-servers [servers] [target]	nmap –dns-servers 201.56.212.54 192.168.0.1
Create a Host List	nmap -sL [targets]	nmap -sL 192.168.0.1/24

Advanced Scanning Options

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
TCP SYN Scan	nmap -sS [target]	nmap -sS 192.168.0.1
TCP Connect Scan	nmap -sT [target]	nmap -sT 192.168.0.1
UDP Scan	nmap -sU [target]	nmap -sU 192.168.0.1
TCP NULL Scan	nmap -sN [target]	nmap -sN 192.168.0.1
TCP FIN Scan	nmap -sF [target]	nmap -sF 192.168.0.1
Xmas Scan	nmap -sX [target]	nmap -sX 192.168.0.1
TCP ACK Scan	nmap -sA [target]	nmap -sA 192.168.0.1
Custom TCP Scan	nmap –scanflags [flags] [target]	nmap –scanflags SYNFIN 192.168.0.1
IP Protocol Scan	nmap -sO [target]	nmap -sO 192.168.0.1
Send Raw Ethernet Packets	nmap –send-eth [target]	nmap –send-eth 192.168.0.1
Send IP Packets	nmap –send-ip [target]	nmap –send-ip 192.168.0.1

Port Scanning Options

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Perform a Fast Scan	nmap -F [target]	nmap -F 192.168.0.1
Scan Specific Ports	nmap -p [port(s)] [target]	nmap -p 21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.1.1
Scan Ports by Name	nmap -p [port name(s)] [target]	nmap -p ftp,http* 192.168.0.1
Scan Ports by Protocol	nmap -sU -sT -p U:[ports],T:[ports] [target]	nmap -sU -sT -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.0.1
Scan All Ports	nmap -p ‘*’ [target]	nmap -p ‘*’ 192.168.0.1
Scan Top Ports	nmap –top-ports [number] [target]	nmap –top-ports 10 192.168.0.1
Perform a Sequential Port Scan	nmap -r [target]	nmap -r 192.168.0.1

Version Detection

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Operating System Detection	nmap -O [target]	nmap -O 192.168.0.1
Submit TCP/IP Fingerprints	www.nmap.org/submit/
Attempt to Guess an Unknown OS	nmap -O –osscan-guess [target]	nmap -O –osscan-guess 192.168.0.1
Service Version Detection	nmap -sV [target]	nmap -sV 192.168.0.1
Troubleshooting Version Scans	nmap -sV –version-trace [target]	nmap -sV –version-trace 192.168.0.1
Perform a RPC Scan	nmap -sR [target]	nmap -sR 192.168.0.1

Timing Options

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Timing Templates	nmap -T[0-5] [target]	nmap -T3 192.168.0.1
Set the Packet TTL	nmap –ttl [time] [target]	nmap –ttl 64 192.168.0.1
Minimum # of Parallel Operations	nmap –min-parallelism [number] [target]	nmap –min-parallelism 10 192.168.0.1
Maximum # of Parallel Operations	nmap –max-parallelism [number] [target]	nmap –max-parallelism 1 192.168.0.1
Minimum Host Group Size	nmap –min-hostgroup [number] [targets]	nmap –min-hostgroup 50 192.168.0.1
Maximum Host Group Size	nmap –max-hostgroup [number] [targets]	nmap –max-hostgroup 1 192.168.0.1
Maximum RTT Timeout	nmap –initial-rtt-timeout [time] [target]	nmap –initial-rtt-timeout 100ms 192.168.0.1
Initial RTT Timeout	nmap –max-rtt-timeout [TTL] [target]	nmap –max-rtt-timeout 100ms 192.168.0.1
Maximum Retries	nmap –max-retries [number] [target]	nmap –max-retries 10 192.168.0.1
Host Timeout	nmap –host-timeout [time] [target]	nmap –host-timeout 30m 192.168.0.1
Minimum Scan Delay	nmap –scan-delay [time] [target]	nmap –scan-delay 1s 192.168.0.1
Maximum Scan Delay	nmap –max-scan-delay [time] [target]	nmap –max-scan-delay 10s 192.168.0.1
Minimum Packet Rate	nmap –min-rate [number] [target]	nmap –min-rate 50 192.168.0.1
Maximum Packet Rate	nmap –max-rate [number] [target]	nmap –max-rate 100 192.168.0.1
Defeat Reset Rate Limits	nmap –defeat-rst-ratelimit [target]	nmap –defeat-rst-ratelimit 192.168.0.1

Firewall Evasion Techniques

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Fragment Packets	nmap -f [target]	nmap -f 192.168.0.1
Specify a Specific MTU	nmap –mtu [MTU] [target]	nmap –mtu 32 192.168.0.1
Use a Decoy	nmap -D RND:[number] [target]	nmap -D RND:10 192.168.0.1
Idle Zombie Scan	nmap -sI [zombie] [target]	nmap -sI 192.168.0.38 192.168.0.1
Manually Specify a Source Port	nmap –source-port [port] [target]	nmap –source-port 1025 192.168.0.1
Append Random Data	nmap –data-length [size] [target]	nmap –data-length 20 192.168.0.1
Randomize Target Scan Order	nmap –randomize-hosts [target]	nmap –randomize-hosts 192.168.0.1-20
Spoof MAC Address	nmap –spoof-mac [MAC\|0\|vendor] [target]	nmap –spoof-mac Cisco 192.168.0.1
Send Bad Checksums	nmap –badsum [target]	nmap –badsum 192.168.0.1

Output options

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Save Output to a Text File	nmap -oN [scan.txt] [target]	nmap -oN scan.txt 192.168.0.1
Save Output to a XML File	nmap -oX [scan.xml] [target]	nmap -oX scan.xml 192.168.0.1
Grepable Output	nmap -oG [scan.txt] [targets]	nmap -oG scan.txt 192.168.0.1
Output All Supported File Types	nmap -oA [path/filename] [target]	nmap -oA ./scan 192.168.0.1
Periodically Display Statistics	nmap –stats-every [time] [target]	nmap –stats-every 10s 192.168.0.1
133t Output	nmap -oS [scan.txt] [target]	nmap -oS scan.txt 192.168.0.1

Troubleshooting And Debugging

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Getting Help	nmap -h	nmap -h
Display Nmap Version	nmap -V	nmap -V
Verbose Output	nmap -v [target]	nmap -v 192.168.0.1
Debugging	nmap -d [target]	nmap -d 192.168.0.1
Display Port State Reason	nmap –reason [target]	nmap –reason 192.168.0.1
Only Display Open Ports	nmap –open [target]	nmap –open 192.168.0.1
Trace Packets	nmap –packet-trace [target]	nmap –packet-trace 192.168.0.1
Display Host Networking	nmap –iflist	nmap –iflist
Specify a Network Interface	nmap -e [interface] [target]	nmap -e eth0 192.168.0.1

NMAP Scripting Engine – NSE

Objetivo	Comando	Ejemplo
Execute Individual Scripts	nmap –script [script.nse] [target]	nmap –script banner.nse 192.168.0.1
Execute Multiple Scripts	nmap –script [expression] [target]	nmap –script ‘http-*’ 192.168.0.1
Script Categories	all, auth, default, discovery, external, intrusive, malware, safe, vuln
Execute Scripts by Category	nmap –script [category] [target]	nmap –script ‘not intrusive’ 192.168.0.1
Execute Multiple Script Categories	nmap –script [category1,category2,etc]	nmap –script ‘default or safe’ 192.168.0.1
Troubleshoot Scripts	nmap –script [script] –script-trace [target]	nmap –script banner.nse –script-trace 192.168.0.1
Update the Script Database	nmap –script-updatedb	nmap –script-updatedb