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NMAP es un escáner de seguridad gratuito y de código abierto. Se utiliza para descubrir hosts y servicios en una red informática, construyendo así un “mapa” de la red. Para lograr su objetivo, Nmap envía paquetes especialmente diseñados al host de destino y luego analiza las respuestas.

Funciones NMAP

  • Descubrimiento de host: identificación de hosts en una red. Por ejemplo, enumerar los hosts que responden a solicitudes de TCP y / o ICMP o que tienen un puerto en particular abierto.
  • Escaneo de puertos: enumera los puertos abiertos en los hosts de destino.
  • Detección de versión: interrogación de servicios de red en dispositivos remotos para determinar el nombre de la aplicación y el número de versión.
  • Detección de SO: determinación del sistema operativo y las características de hardware de los dispositivos de red.
  •  Interacción programable con el objetivo, utilizando Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) y el lenguaje de programación Lua.
  •  Nmap puede proporcionar más información sobre los objetivos, incluidos los nombres DNS inversos, los tipos de dispositivos y las direcciones MAC.

Usos típicos de Nmap:

  • Auditar la seguridad de un dispositivo o firewall identificando las conexiones de red que se pueden realizar a través de él.
  • Identificación de puertos abiertos en un host de destino en preparación para la auditoría.
  • Inventario de redes, mapeo de redes, mantenimiento y gestión de activos.
  • Auditar la seguridad de una red mediante la identificación de nuevos servidores.
  • Generación de tráfico a hosts en una red, análisis de respuesta y medición del tiempo de respuesta.
  • Encontrar y explotar vulnerabilidades en una red.
  • Consultas DNS y búsqueda de subdominios 

Ejemplos comandos NMAP

Comandos básicos

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Scan a Single Targetnmap [target]nmap 192.168.0.1
Scan Multiple Targetsnmap [target1, target2, etc]nmap 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2
Scan a List of Targetsnmap -iL [list.txt]nmap -iL targets.txt
Scan a Range of Hostsnmap [range of ip addresses]nmap 192.168.0.1-10
Scan an Entire Subnetnmap [ip address/cdir]nmap 192.168.0.1/24
Scan Random Hostsnmap -iR [number]nmap -iR 0
Excluding Targets from a Scannmap [targets] –exclude [targets]nmap 192.168.0.1/24 –exclude 192.168.0.100, 192.168.0.200
Excluding Targets Using a Listnmap [targets] –excludefile [list.txt]nmap 192.168.0.1/24 –excludefile notargets.txt
Perform an Aggressive Scannmap -A [target]nmap -A 192.168.0.1
Scan an IPv6 Targetnmap -6 [target]nmap -6 1aff:3c21:47b1:0000:0000:0000:0000:2afe

Opciones descubrimiento

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Perform a Ping Only Scannmap -sP [target]nmap -sP 192.168.0.1
Don’t Pingnmap -PN [target]nmap -PN 192.168.0.1
TCP SYN Pingnmap -PS [target]nmap -PS 192.168.0.1
TCP ACK Pingnmap -PA [target]nmap -PA 192.168.0.1
UDP Pingnmap -PU [target]nmap -PU 192.168.0.1
SCTP INIT Pingnmap -PY [target]nmap -PY 192.168.0.1
ICMP Echo Pingnmap -PE [target]nmap -PE 192.168.0.1
ICMP Timestamp Pingnmap -PP [target]nmap -PP 192.168.0.1
ICMP Address Mask Pingnmap -PM [target]nmap -PM 192.168.0.1
IP Protocol Pingnmap -PO [target]nmap -PO 192.168.0.1
ARP Pingnmap -PR [target]nmap -PR 192.168.0.1
Traceroutenmap –traceroute [target]nmap –traceroute 192.168.0.1
Force Reverse DNS Resolutionnmap -R [target]nmap -R 192.168.0.1
Disable Reverse DNS Resolutionnmap -n [target]nmap -n 192.168.0.1
Alternative DNS Lookupnmap –system-dns [target]nmap –system-dns 192.168.0.1
Manually Specify DNS Server(s)nmap –dns-servers [servers] [target]nmap –dns-servers 201.56.212.54 192.168.0.1
Create a Host Listnmap -sL [targets]nmap -sL 192.168.0.1/24

Advanced Scanning Options

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
TCP SYN Scannmap -sS [target]nmap -sS 192.168.0.1
TCP Connect Scannmap -sT [target]nmap -sT 192.168.0.1
UDP Scannmap -sU [target]nmap -sU 192.168.0.1
TCP NULL Scannmap -sN [target]nmap -sN 192.168.0.1
TCP FIN Scannmap -sF [target]nmap -sF 192.168.0.1
Xmas Scannmap -sX [target]nmap -sX 192.168.0.1
TCP ACK Scannmap -sA [target]nmap -sA 192.168.0.1
Custom TCP Scannmap –scanflags [flags] [target]nmap –scanflags SYNFIN 192.168.0.1
IP Protocol Scannmap -sO [target]nmap -sO 192.168.0.1
Send Raw Ethernet Packetsnmap –send-eth [target]nmap –send-eth 192.168.0.1
Send IP Packetsnmap –send-ip [target]nmap –send-ip 192.168.0.1

Port Scanning Options

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Perform a Fast Scannmap -F [target]nmap -F 192.168.0.1
Scan Specific Portsnmap -p [port(s)] [target]nmap -p 21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.1.1
Scan Ports by Namenmap -p [port name(s)] [target]nmap -p ftp,http* 192.168.0.1
Scan Ports by Protocolnmap -sU -sT -p U:[ports],T:[ports] [target]nmap -sU -sT -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080 192.168.0.1
Scan All Portsnmap -p ‘*’ [target]nmap -p ‘*’ 192.168.0.1
Scan Top Portsnmap –top-ports [number] [target]nmap –top-ports 10 192.168.0.1
Perform a Sequential Port Scannmap -r [target]nmap -r 192.168.0.1

Version Detection

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Operating System Detectionnmap -O [target]nmap -O 192.168.0.1
Submit TCP/IP Fingerprintswww.nmap.org/submit/
Attempt to Guess an Unknown OSnmap -O –osscan-guess [target]nmap -O –osscan-guess 192.168.0.1
Service Version Detectionnmap -sV [target]nmap -sV 192.168.0.1
Troubleshooting Version Scansnmap -sV –version-trace [target]nmap -sV –version-trace 192.168.0.1
Perform a RPC Scannmap -sR [target]nmap -sR 192.168.0.1

Timing Options

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Timing Templatesnmap -T[0-5] [target]nmap -T3 192.168.0.1
Set the Packet TTLnmap –ttl [time] [target]nmap –ttl 64 192.168.0.1
Minimum # of Parallel Operationsnmap –min-parallelism [number] [target]nmap –min-parallelism 10 192.168.0.1
Maximum # of Parallel Operationsnmap –max-parallelism [number] [target]nmap –max-parallelism 1 192.168.0.1
Minimum Host Group Sizenmap –min-hostgroup [number] [targets]nmap –min-hostgroup 50 192.168.0.1
Maximum Host Group Sizenmap –max-hostgroup [number] [targets]nmap –max-hostgroup 1 192.168.0.1
Maximum RTT Timeoutnmap –initial-rtt-timeout [time] [target]nmap –initial-rtt-timeout 100ms 192.168.0.1
Initial RTT Timeoutnmap –max-rtt-timeout [TTL] [target]nmap –max-rtt-timeout 100ms 192.168.0.1
Maximum Retriesnmap –max-retries [number] [target]nmap –max-retries 10 192.168.0.1
Host Timeoutnmap –host-timeout [time] [target]nmap –host-timeout 30m 192.168.0.1
Minimum Scan Delaynmap –scan-delay [time] [target]nmap –scan-delay 1s 192.168.0.1
Maximum Scan Delaynmap –max-scan-delay [time] [target]nmap –max-scan-delay 10s 192.168.0.1
Minimum Packet Ratenmap –min-rate [number] [target]nmap –min-rate 50 192.168.0.1
Maximum Packet Ratenmap –max-rate [number] [target]nmap –max-rate 100 192.168.0.1
Defeat Reset Rate Limitsnmap –defeat-rst-ratelimit [target]nmap –defeat-rst-ratelimit 192.168.0.1

Firewall Evasion Techniques

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Fragment Packetsnmap -f [target]nmap -f 192.168.0.1
Specify a Specific MTUnmap –mtu [MTU] [target]nmap –mtu 32 192.168.0.1
Use a Decoynmap -D RND:[number] [target]nmap -D RND:10 192.168.0.1
Idle Zombie Scannmap -sI [zombie] [target]nmap -sI 192.168.0.38 192.168.0.1
Manually Specify a Source Portnmap –source-port [port] [target]nmap –source-port 1025 192.168.0.1
Append Random Datanmap –data-length [size] [target]nmap –data-length 20 192.168.0.1
Randomize Target Scan Ordernmap –randomize-hosts [target]nmap –randomize-hosts 192.168.0.1-20
Spoof MAC Addressnmap –spoof-mac [MAC|0|vendor] [target]nmap –spoof-mac Cisco 192.168.0.1
Send Bad Checksumsnmap –badsum [target]nmap –badsum 192.168.0.1

Output options

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Save Output to a Text Filenmap -oN [scan.txt] [target]nmap -oN scan.txt 192.168.0.1
Save Output to a XML Filenmap -oX [scan.xml] [target]nmap -oX scan.xml 192.168.0.1
Grepable Outputnmap -oG [scan.txt] [targets]nmap -oG scan.txt 192.168.0.1
Output All Supported File Typesnmap -oA [path/filename] [target]nmap -oA ./scan 192.168.0.1
Periodically Display Statisticsnmap –stats-every [time] [target]nmap –stats-every 10s 192.168.0.1
133t Outputnmap -oS [scan.txt] [target]nmap -oS scan.txt 192.168.0.1

Troubleshooting And Debugging

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Getting Helpnmap -hnmap -h
Display Nmap Versionnmap -Vnmap -V
Verbose Outputnmap -v [target]nmap -v 192.168.0.1
Debuggingnmap -d [target]nmap -d 192.168.0.1
Display Port State Reasonnmap –reason [target]nmap –reason 192.168.0.1
Only Display Open Portsnmap –open [target]nmap –open 192.168.0.1
Trace Packetsnmap –packet-trace [target]nmap –packet-trace 192.168.0.1
Display Host Networkingnmap –iflistnmap –iflist
Specify a Network Interfacenmap -e [interface] [target]nmap -e eth0 192.168.0.1

NMAP Scripting Engine – NSE

ObjetivoComandoEjemplo
Execute Individual Scriptsnmap –script [script.nse] [target]nmap –script banner.nse 192.168.0.1
Execute Multiple Scriptsnmap –script [expression] [target]nmap –script ‘http-*’ 192.168.0.1
Script Categoriesall, auth, default, discovery, external, intrusive, malware, safe, vuln
Execute Scripts by Categorynmap –script [category] [target]nmap –script ‘not intrusive’ 192.168.0.1
Execute Multiple Script Categoriesnmap –script [category1,category2,etc]nmap –script ‘default or safe’ 192.168.0.1
Troubleshoot Scriptsnmap –script [script] –script-trace [target]nmap –script banner.nse –script-trace 192.168.0.1
Update the Script Databasenmap –script-updatedbnmap –script-updatedb

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